Inhibition of Escherichia coli Glucosamine-6-phosphate Synthase by Reactive Intermediate Analogues

Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) catalyzes the formation of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate from D-fructose 6-phosphate using L-glutamine as the ammonia source. Because N-acetylglucosamine is an essential building block of both bacterial cell walls and fungal cell wall chitin, the enzyme is a potential target for antibacterial and antifungal agents. The most potent carbohydrate-based inhibitor of GlmS reported to date is 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucitol 6-phosphate, an analogue of the putative cis-enolamine intermediate formed during catalysis. The interaction of a series of structurally related cis-enolamine intermediate analogues with GlmS is described. Although arabinose oxime 5-phosphate is identified as a good competitive inhibitor of GlmS with an inhibition constant equal to 1.2 (60.3) mM, the presence of the amino function at the 2-position is shown to be important for potent inhibition. Comparison of the binding affinities of 2-deoxy-D-glucitol 6-phosphate and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucitol 6-phosphate indicates that the amino function contributes 24.1 (60.1) kcal/mol to the free energy of inhibitor binding. Similarly, comparison of the binding affinities of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-glucosamine 6-phosphate indicates that the amino function contributes 23.0 (60.1) kcal/mol to the free energy of product binding. Interactions between GlmS and the 2-amino function of its ligands contribute to the uniform binding of the product and the cis-enolamine intermediate as evidenced by the similar contribution of the amino group to the free energy of binding of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate and 2-amino-2-deoxy-Dglucitol 6-phosphate, respectively.